in what different ways did korea vietnam and japan experience and respond to chinese influence

Chinese influence on Japanese culture refers to the impact of Chinese influences transmitted through or originating in China on Japanese institutions, civilisation, language and gild. Many aspects of traditional Japanese civilization such as Taoism, Buddhism, astronomy and linguistic communication have been greatly influenced by China over the course of centuries.

History [edit]

The conflicts acquired past Chinese expansion in the afterwards stages of the Jōmon Menses, circa 400 BCE, led to mass migration to Nippon.^[i] The migrants primarily came from Continental Asia, more specifically the Korean Peninsula and Southern China, which brought over "new pottery, bronze, iron and improved metalworking techniques", which helped to improve the pre-existing farming tools and weaponry.^[1] ^[2] Chinese influence came mostly by sea only as well through Korea.

Kentoshi route, too known equally the ocean route from Japan to China.

The influence of Chinese civilization was an indirect effect of communications by Korea, around the 1st to the fifth century Ad Korea had already incorporated major elements of Chinese civilization into its own civilization and from there mediated the interchanges between China and Nihon.^[3]

The Han Shu written in 82 AD (also known equally The Book of Han or History of Han) states that the Wa sent envoys and tribute to the Jùn (Chinese commandery) in northern parts of Korea.^[1] To expand further, the Wa was a confederation of modest southern and western states of Japan, with an emphasis on the state Yamato. According to the Han Shu, this was the commencement textual reference fabricated to Japan in reference to Sino-Japanese interaction. Another Chinese source that documents Chinese influence on Japanese civilisation is Wei Chih, written in 297 AD (too known as History of Wei). it states that Chinese and Japanese interactions of tribute originates dorsum to 57 and 107 Advertisement. Prominent figures of authority, such as Queen Himiko, sent Japanese ambassadors to parts that belonged to the Chinese in effectually 189–248 D.^[1] That continued in the Kofun period, as envoys continued to be transmitted from Japan into Cathay. In 502 AD, xi new envoys were sent to China. That was, according to Mark Cartwright, the emergence of Yamato Japan equally an international diplomatic state.^[1]

In comparison to Korea, Japan controlled its intake of cultural influence from Prc, besides known every bit "cultural borrowing" This meant that it "best-selling the cultural superiority of the Chinese Middle Kingdom" but ever held onto its political independence.^[iii] In addition to controlling the process of cultural borrowing, Japan also remained selective in because the ideas and institutions that information technology wanted to adopt.

Modern influence [edit]

China's continued influence on Japanese culture can exist perceived in modern times peradventure most clearly in the field of gastronomy of which Japanese Chinese cuisine is an example. Influence from Taiwan was also felt with the popularity of bubble tea in the belatedly 2010s.^{[ citation needed ]}

Influence on religion [edit]

Daoism/Taoism [edit]

Daoism/Taoism is a fix of religious and philosophical behavior that explores the ideas of rituals, scriptures all while the Dao/Tao is considered. It tin can be traced back to the 3rd century BCE.^[4] Every bit a production of Chinese philosophers, information technology has made its fashion to Japan and thus was significantly inverse as information technology became in contact with Japanese Civilisation. Originally, equally Daoism developed in Mainland china was circuitous, multifaceted and a continuous recreation of new and old ideas.^[v] Its class as it became integrated into Japanese culture was introduced every bit a function of the ritsuryō state. Equally a result, through textual pieces, Daoism marketed its style gradually into Japanese culture only differently from its original influence, which was Chinese Daoism.

Debates regarding Daoism/Taoism [edit]

There have been debates regarding which undefined elements of Daoism within "the Japanese religio-political landscape" belongs to history and traditions of China and which are just an attribute of Daoism itself.^[5] Author and enquiry associate Gaynor Sekimori, argues that aspects such equally cosmology, yin and yang, Wu Xing (the 5 phases), divination, astronomy/astrology and the Yijīng were originally a part of Chinese cultural heritage, which thus influenced Daoism.

There has also been a level of dubiety regarding Daoism on whether it is mostly Chinese civilisation or was only influenced by Daoism. Jonathan Smith claimed to distinguish what is function of Chinese heritage and that of Daoism itself and that some elements are "Daoist" and "Taoist-flavoured".

Building on the concept, the Japanese philosopher Miura Kunio distinguishes specific elements of Daoism as either belonging to the Chinese culture or as aspects transferred into the Japanese culture after the introduction of Daoism.^[5] Kunio further claims that elements that were presented to Nippon in the seventh century, such equally "calendar-making, astronomy/astrology and divination", belonged to the Chinese culture. Elements such as beliefs of immortality, Daoist scriptures and the Kōshin cult were transferred into Japan every bit part of Daoism.

Buddhism [edit]

Now i of the largest globe religions, Buddhism first emerged from India around sixth century BC. Buddhism has iii major branches, which include Theravada (are Buddhism), Mahayana (or 'Greater Vehicle' Buddhism) and Vajrayana (Esoteric Buddhism or 'Diamond Vehicle'). Buddhism was brought over to Japan through Red china and Korea in 552 BC.^[6]

Furthermore, Buddhism was encouraged by those in power, such as Prince Shōtoku. He argued that Buddhism was essential in "promoting Chinese ideas". Out of the iii branches of Buddhism, it was the Mahayana that first became rooted in the Japanese culture.

Introduction and establishment of Buddhist sects [edit]

Visual painting of Saichō.

Some other case of Chinese influence on Japanese organized religion is the introduction of Vajrayana Buddhism. In the early the Heian menstruation, several Japanese monks who had studied religion in China returned and established Vajrayana Buddhism by the creation of Buddhist sects.^[7] Specifically, 2 scholar monks, known as Saichō and Kūkai, helped to create the Tendai sect and Shingon sect. The Tendai sect was created in 805 by Saichō following his return from the Tang dynasty of China, and he helped to establish Vajrayana firmly.

Saichō then traveled to China for xi months in 804 on the quest for the T'ien-t'ai (or Tiantai), the Chinese Buddhist Schoolhouse.^[7] Saichō wanted to transfer the idea of the T'ien-t'ai Dharma heritage into Japan but to keep the authenticity of the original Chinese-based Buddhist school. In his final month in Ming-chou, Saichō went to Yüeh-chou to get together further religious texts concerning esoteric Buddhism (Vajrayana). There, he essentially met the priest Shun-hsiao, who informed and instructed himon Vajrayana Buddhism. After his visit to Yüeh-chou, Saichō retrieved Buddhist instruments related to rituals, paintings of the goddesses of Vajrayana, and 38 religious texts related to Mikkyō. In accordance to several pieces historical research, "both within and exterior the Tendai school demonstrates that Saichō encounter with Mikkyō in People's republic of china was rather accidental".^[7] Furthermore, according to thr Japanese historian Kōyū Sonoda, Saichō's original programme was sending ii disciples to do his inquiry on the T'ien-t'ai, but information technology was changed final minute since Emperor Kanmu was able to persuade Saichō to pursue and pb the journey personally.

From there, Saichō helped to "pave the manner" for the Shingon sect to be introduced in 806 by Kūkai. For both founders to benefit from the introduction of Buddhism, Saichō stood behind Kūkai and helped him get the mountain temple of Takaosan-ji, northwest of Kyoto, and brand information technology into the original Shingon School. In return, Kūkai helped educate and train Saichō and his followers Vajrayana rituals. Furthermore, Kūkai also shared his Mikkyō texts, which he had gotten during his final trip to Yüeh-chou, China.

Influence of Chinese astronomy [edit]

A professor at Doshisha Academy, Kazuhiko Miyajima, argues that Japan was heavily influenced by Chinese astronomy and astrology.^[viii] The Japanese learned almost Chinese astronomy showtime from the Koreans, who had learned it direct from the Chinese. The influence of astronomy took roots in authorities offices as a direct influence of the Chinese model, which became known as "Onmyo no tsukasa". That office was in charge of specific data related to both astronomy and astrology, the same fields beingbe part of Daoism. The four departments of the role were "divination past celestial omens, calendar-making time-keeping and yin-yan divination".^[eight] The responsibility of the departments was similar to the Chinese equivalents: T'ai shih chu and T'ai-pu shu.

In terms of central direction, the orientation of the main streets in cities like Naniwa no miya and Heijo Kyo was achieved by "learning the Chinese way of surveying".^[8]

In addition, Japanese star maps were influenced by Chinese astronomy, as several star maps in Japan held the aforementioned Chinese star names. They were created as direct copies from the Chinese, but simply a few still remain popular. Shibukawa Harumi, known as the "start official astronomer of the Edo period", published two kinds of star maps, which were adapted from the traditional Chinese model, which came from Korea.^[8] Some star maps were created by Takahashi Kageyasu and Ishizaka Joken and are still inspired by western astronomy, which substantially landed in Nippon through China by the volume "T'ienching huomen". The book'southward popularity in China was short-lived bevause of its simplification, excessive mistakes and inaccuracy, but it was immensely popular in Nihon.

Linguistic communication [edit]

Kanji: Usage of Chinese characters in Nippon [edit]

Kanji is the term for adopted Chinese characters used in written Japanese. The Chinese writing organisation influenced spoken Japanese linguistic communication offset and thus "provided fundamental vehicles for intellectual inventiveness".^[3] Its origin in Japan dates back to the Kofun period, and its introduction is believed to be between 300 and 710 AD.^[9]

Information technology is believed that the Japanese writing system came under influence by the Chinese through its written language. In the commencement, nearly writing in Japan was done by immigrant clerks who wrote in Chinese.^[10] One individual in particular, known as Wani, helped to introduce the Chinese characters into Japan. Wani was a scholar that had arrived sometime during the late fourth century from one of the Korean kingdoms, Paekche (also known as Baekje).^[9] He supposedly brought 11 volumes of Chinese writings with him to Japan. Wani remained in Nihon and helped to inspire groups of scribes that later became known as the Fumi-no-obito. Literacy was rare and was limited to immigrant groups and their families during the 5th and the 6th centuries. The human activity of writing and learning Chinese was instigated in Japan in the early 5th century.

Within the 7th century, Japanese scholars-aristocrats began to learn Chinese reading and writing with the purpose of doing business concern.^[ten]

The adaption of Chinese characters was said to be challenging, but its event allowed Yamato Japan to establish a hierarchy. It also helped Japanese authority figures gain control of clans and peasants. Moreover, the introduction of Chinese into Japanese broadened Nihon'southward access to educational texts on ranging subjects, such as science, religion, fine art, and philosophy. Consequently, as Japanese students began to principal Chinese, they could travel to Prc and thus continue to acquire about the language and culture.^[3]

It has been said that the introduction of Chinese characters and learning in the 4th century AD. highlighted a grand "turning bespeak in Japanese cultural development".^[3]

Regime [edit]

Nakatomi no Kamatari created the clan known as Fujiwara in 645. Information technology stayed in ability until the 11th century, when the military machine grade (or the samurai) assumed its position. After the Fujiwara clan, the Taika reforms were created in 646 and helped to create a new system of government, which was influenced by the Chinese model.^[xi] Country became purchased past the land and thus was to be redistributed fairly to all. The land reform was a gateway for "introducing the new tax organization that was also adopted from China".

Gallery [edit]

This section needs expansion. Y'all can help by adding to information technology. (June 2020)

Many cultural items are part of Sino-Japanese heritage: here are a few examples:

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Ancient Japanese & Chinese Relations". World History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2018-11-08 .
^ "Yayoi linked to Yangtze expanse". www.trussel.com . Retrieved 2019-04-27 .
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Stearns, Peter N. (2000). The Spread Of Chinese Civilization To Nippon. Pearson. p. 394.
^ Liu, King Shu (1917). "The Origin of Taoism". The Monist. 27 (3): 376–389. doi:10.5840/monist191727311. JSTOR 27900647.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sekimori, Gaynor (2018). "Daoism in Nippon: Chinese Traditions and Their Influence on Japanese Religious Civilization Ed. by Jeffrey Fifty. Richey". The Periodical of Japanese Studies. 44: 181–186. doi:10.1353/jjs.2018.0018. S2CID 148685937 – via JSTOR.
^ Hammer, Elizabeth. "Buddhism in Japan". Asia Society.
^ ^a ^b ^c Abé, Ryūichi (1995). "Saichō and Kūkai: A Disharmonize of Interpretations". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 22 (1/two): 103–137. doi:10.18874/jjrs.22.1-2.1995.103-137. JSTOR 30233539.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Miyajima, Kazuhiko (1988). "Influence of Chinese Astronomy on Japanese Culture". Vistas in Astronomy. 31 (1): 805–808. Bibcode:1988VA.....31..805M. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(88)90310-eight.
^ ^a ^b "Nascency of the Chinese script and its adoption in Japan". Heritage of Nippon. 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2018-xi-08 .
^ ^a ^b Grigg, Hugh (xxx June 2013). "Hanzi and Kanji: Differences in the Chinese and Japanese Character Sets Today". East Asia Pupil.
^ Irving, Richard (25 March 2014). "Taika Reforms". Nakasendo Fashion.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_influence_on_Japanese_culture